Understanding the spatial patterns of trees and their interactions can reveal the ecological processes driving forest stand structure and stand development over time. We assessed temporal changes in tree spatial patterns in uneven-aged interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
pre-commercial thinning
We assessed the impacts of three approaches to thinning from below with varying spatial patterns on several stand and individual tree variables for interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.